ECOWAS is an economic community of 15 West African countries namely, Benin, Burkina Faso, Cabo Verde a.k.a. Cape Verde, Cote D’ivoire, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea Bissau, Liberia, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone and Togo . The GDP of ECOWAS stands at ~USD 26 Trillion averaged over 2018-2020 and is home to around 45 Billion people average over the same period.
ECOWAS has imported on an average approximately, USD 113 Bn worth of products for the period 2018-2020, mainly from China, India, US, Netherlands, France, South Korea and Belgium. The imports have increased from USD 90 Bn in 2016 to USD 124 Bn in 2020, at a CAGR of 9%.
China is the largest exporter to the ECOWAS market with 22% of the total imports by ECOWAS. Followed by India and US both contributing 6% each to the import by the Community. India is the 2nd largest exporter for the ECOWAS, globally and among the Asian countries as well. The top 10 countries contributing approximately 81% of total imports by the country other than China, India and US are Netherlands, France, South Korea, Belgium, Singapore, Japan and Germany. A detailed list of key countries exporting to ECOWAS is attached in annexure 01.
Among the ECOWAS states, Ghana and Nigeria are largest importers, contributing 40% and 12% of the total imports by the Community respectively, followed by Liberia and Cote D’Ivoire each accounting for 10% of the total imports by ECOWAS.
India is the largest importer for the ECOWAS, contributing to 12% of the total export by the Community. The top 10 importers of the ECOWAS market contribute to 63% of the total exports from the ECOWAS countries, and the importers other than India include Switzerland (8%), China (7%), Netherlands (7%), UAE (6%), Spain (6%), South Africa (6%), France (5%), US (4%), and Italy (2%).
Other countries with appreciable import share from ECOWAS market are, UK, Germany, Ghana, Canada, Indonesia, Mali, Cote D’Ivoire.
Among the ECOWAS market, the three countries that contributes to 75% of the total exports from the market are Nigeria, Ghana, Cote D’Ivoire each accounting for 47%, 16% and 12% respectively of the total exports from the Community.
intra-African trade agreement intended to boost, improve, and accelerate Africa’s trade in the global markets. It focuses on improving Africa’s policy spaces at par with global negotiation policies. 36 countries has signed the AFCFTA so far as of 5 February 2021.
ECOWAS in general imports USD 113 Billion worth of products on an average basis. Of that the leading sectors that contribute to 74% of ECOWAS’s imports are Machinery & equipment, Vehicles & auto-components, Electricals & electronics, mineral fuels, Iron and steel articles, Plastics & its articles, and Optical, photographic devices, Cereals, Ships and Boat and Pharmaceutical products.
India exported ~USD 12.5 Billion worth of products to ECOWAS in the year 2021 and exported on an average of USD 8.3 Billion worth of goods to ECOWAS on an average for the period 2019-2021. India’s share in ECOWAS’s can be averaged at 6% averaged over 2016-2020. It has been fluctuating from 5% in 2016, to 6% in 2017, 8% in 2019 and again 6% in 2020. Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Gujarat, Haryana, Punjab, and Uttar Pradesh are the top 6 states of India in terms of exports to ECOWAS for the period 2019-2021 for HS code 84, 85 and 87
India’s exports to ECOWAS are characterized by exports of the following top 10 sectors: Iron and steel, cotton, Machinery, electricals & electronics, vehicles & auto-components, cereals, mineral fuels, Plastic articles, Pharmaceuticals, Apparels. etc. as shown in table below. The table also discusses the percentage share of the sector in India’s exports to ECOWAS and the contribution of India’s exports in ECOWAS’s total imports of that sector at a HS 2 level. The sectors highlighted in yellow are the key sectors identified for driving exports growth from Uttar Pradesh.
| Table 1: Top sectors contributing to 60% of India’s exports to ECOWAS | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Sector | India’s exports to ECOWAS, (USD Mn) | % share of sector in India’s exports globally | % share of India’s exports to ECOWAS’s imports |
| HS 27: Mineral fuels | 1659 | 0.114 | 0.2 |
| HS 10, Cereals | 1220 | 0.028 | 0.15 |
| HS 87, Vehicles & Auto-components | 764 | 0.049 | 0.09 |
| HS 30, Pharmaceuticals | 763 | 0.053 | 0.09 |
| HS 84, Machinery & Equipment | 694 | 0.064 | 0.08 |
| HS 85, Electricals & Electronics | 355 | 0.047 | 0.04 |
| HS 39, Plastic and articles | 348 | 0.023 | 0.04 |
| HS 52, Cotton | 308 | 0.022 | 0.04 |
| HS 72 & 73, Iron & Steel articles | 281 | 0.065 | 0.04 |
| HS 61 & 62, Apparels | 269 | 0.044 | 0.03 |
| Total exports (3 year average) | USD 8.3 Bn | ||
The exports from Uttar Pradesh to ECOWAS grew at a CAGR of 18% in the last 5 years. Uttar Pradesh exported a total of USD 230 Million worth of commodities to ECOWAS in 2021 which grew from USD 125 Million in 2017. The exports from UP to ECOWAS dropped to USD 81 Million in 2020 due to the Covid scenario but it rebounded back with ~184% in 2021, with the highest the last 5 years.
10 select sectors contributed to approximately 79% of UP’s exports to ECOWAS during the last 3 years. The sector marked with yellow has high export percentage than other products that are being imported by ECOWAS from UP. The table below summarizes the top 10 products exported from UP to ECOWAS:
| Top commodities exported from UP to ECOWAS | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HS code | Product description | Value of Exports by UP (in USD Mn) | % share in UP’s exports to ECOWAS | Growth rate of exports from UP to ECOWAS | Growth rate of exports from UP to all markets |
| 84 | Machinery & Equipment | 611 | 0.26 | -0.17 | 0.09 |
| 85 | Electricals & Electronics | 2774 | 0.17 | 0.03 | 0.094 |
| 10 | Cereal | 436 | 0.11 | 1.2 | 0.386 |
| 72 & 73 | Iron & Steel articles | 736 | 0.052 | -0.32 | 0.506 |
| 2 | Meat and edible meat offal | 1654 | 0.05 | 0.86 | -0.021 |
| 29 | Organic Chemicals | 484 | 0.04 | 0.48 | -0.018 |
| 22 | Beverages, spirits and vinegar | 21 | 0.04 | -0.04 | 0.036 |
| 39 | Plastic and qarticles | 223 | 0.04 | 0.3 | 0.037 |
| 90 | Optical, photographic, cinematographic devices | 132 | 0.03 | 0.3 | 0.018 |
| 61 & 62 | Apparels | 1597 | 0.04 | -0.23 | -0.048 |
Select sectors are identified as potential opportunities which may drive growth of exports from Uttar Pradesh to ECOWAS. The sectors are selected based on the import demand in ECOWAS, India’s exports to ECOWAS and UP’s exports to ECOWAS.
The priority sectors shortlisted are classified into two categories, based on the relevant strategy for export promotion. The sectors with significant manufacturing and exports volume to ECOWAS are strategically selected for scaling up of exports. The sectors with appreciable manufacturing volume, but low level of exports from UP to ECOWAS are selected for market diversification into ECOWAS. The table below summarizes the top 10 sectors shortlisted for UP’s exporters who intend to undertake exports in ECOWAS. Gems & Jewellery, Vehicles & auto-components, electricals & electronics, plastics & its articles, apparels, furniture and articles of iron & steel are shortlisted for scaling up in UK. Similarly, Machinery, mechanical appliances & equipment, pharmaceutics and Optical, photographic, cinematographic & medical instruments are shortlisted for market diversification into ECOWAS. A comprehensive detail for the select 10 sectors at a HS 6 level is described in annexure 3.
| Potential sectors for driving UP’s exports growth in ECOWAS | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HS Code | Product Description | Value imported by ECOWAS (USD Mn) | Exports from India to ECOWAS (USD Mn) | UP’s exports to ECOWAS (USD Mn) | Potential intervention strategy |
| 84 | Machinery & Equipment | 13951 | 647 | 38.6 | Scaling up |
| 87 | Vehicles & Auto-components | 9308 | 644 | 2.2 | Diversification |
| 85 | Electricals & Electronics | 6886 | 323 | 22 | Scaling up |
| 10 | Cereals | 5699 | 954 | 8.6 | Scaling up |
| 72 & 73 | Iron & steel articles | 5429 | 280 | 8.5 | Scaling up |
| 39 | Plastic articles | 3910 | 259 | 5.1 | Scaling up |
| 30 | Pharmaceuticals | 3605 | 665 | 4.2 | Diversification |
| 90 | Optical, photographic, cinematographic devices | 2357 | 61 | 2.7 | Diversification |
| 38 | Miscellaneous chemicals | 1829 | 101 | 1.3 | Diversification |
| 48 | Paper & paperboard products | 1244 | 80 | 1.4 | Diversification |
Uttar Pradesh’s export capabilities in select sectors resonates with the consumer demands in ECOWAS. At a global level, the priority sectors are classified on based on their RCA scores to identify the relevant export promotion strategies. The traditional sectors for which UP has a competitive advantage are selected for scaling up globally. Similarly, the sunrise sectors are selected for product development and market diversification to boost exports as shown in Figure 5. Also, the state government has shortlisted products with a high export potential for each district of the state under the ‘Districts as Export Hubs’ initiative
At a country level, the export trends are analyzed to identify country level strategies for export promotion as described in table 3. Further, to support exporters of the state in scaling of exports, the government of Uttar Pradesh through Export Promotion Bureau – Uttar Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh Export Promotion Council has planned to undertake the following initiatives: 1. Identifying and connecting with Sectoral bodies (for priority sectors) based in ECOWAS 2. Identifying importers and their sourcing needs 3. List of key events where UP's exporters shall participate 4. Facilitate visit of ECOWAS’s Importers to UP in key trade events that may be organized by Government of Uttar Pradesh 5. Identification of online platforms where UP's exporters should register for exporting their products to meet sourcing requirements of ECOWAS’s importers
| Exporters | Imported value in 2018 | Imported value in 2019 | Imported value in 2020 | 3 year average | % share |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | 100,968 | 113,295 | 124,914 | 113,067 | 100% |
| China | 17,852 | 25,324 | 32,423 | 25,200 | 22% |
| India | 5,215 | 8,775 | 7,650 | 7,214 | 6% |
| United States of America | 5,352 | 7,468 | 7,338 | 6,719 | 6% |
| Netherlands | 6,244 | 5,385 | 6,584 | 6,071 | 5% |
| France | 5,392 | 5,522 | 5,737 | 5,550 | 5% |
| Korea, Republic of | 6,344 | 3,296 | 3,757 | 4,466 | 4% |
| Belgium | 4,824 | 3,742 | 3,556 | 4,041 | 4% |
| Singapore | 3,905 | 3,238 | 3,584 | 3,576 | 3% |
| Japan | 2,417 | 3,647 | 3,580 | 3,215 | 3% |
| Germany | 2,724 | 3,017 | 3,330 | 3,024 | 3% |
| Nigeria | 2,675 | 2,304 | 2,482 | 2,487 | 2% |
| Turkey | 1,853 | 2,354 | 2,599 | 2,269 | 2% |
| United Kingdom | 2,040 | 2,495 | 2,117 | 2,217 | 2% |
| United Arab Emirates | 1,520 | 2,256 | 2,605 | 2,127 | 2% |
| Russian Federation | 1,916 | 1,975 | 2,380 | 2,090 | 2% |
| Spain | 2,014 | 1,732 | 2,139 | 1,962 | 2% |
| Italy | 1,729 | 1,872 | 2,173 | 1,924 | 2% |
| Brazil | 1,481 | 1,738 | 2,178 | 1,799 | 2% |
| Others | 25,471 | 27,156 | 28,702 | 27,117 | 24% |
| HS Code | Product Description | Imported value in 2018 | Imported value in 2019 | Imported value in 2020 | 3 year average | % share |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 'TOTAL | All products | 100,968 | 113,295 | 124,914 | 113,067 | 100% |
| '27 | Mineral fuels, mineral oils and products of their distillation; bituminous substances; mineral waxes | 21,125 | 17,491 | 17,626 | 18,747 | 17% |
| '84 | Machinery, mechanical appliances, nuclear reactors, boilers; parts thereof | 10,669 | 14,841 | 16,343 | 13,951 | 12% |
| '87 | Vehicles other than railway or tramway rolling stock, and parts and accessories thereof | 7,227 | 10,443 | 10,255 | 9,308 | 8% |
| '89 | Ships, boats and floating structures | 7,653 | 7,692 | 6,811 | 7,385 | 7% |
| '85 | Electrical machinery and equipment and parts thereof; sound recorders and reproducers, television image and sound recorders and reproducers, and parts and accessories of such articles | 5,430 | 7,430 | 7,797 | 6,886 | 6% |
| '10 | Cereals | 5,866 | 5,107 | 6,124 | 5,699 | 5% |
| '39 | Plastics and articles thereof | 3,328 | 3,536 | 4,864 | 3,910 | 3% |
| '30 | Pharmaceutical products | 2,367 | 3,353 | 5,096 | 3,605 | 3% |
| '99 | Commodities not elsewhere specified | 3,473 | 2,760 | 3,068 | 3,100 | 3% |
| '73 | Articles of iron or steel | 2,579 | 2,891 | 2,891 | 2,787 | 2% |
| '72 | Iron and steel | 2,375 | 2,350 | 3,202 | 2,642 | 2% |
| '90 | Optical, photographic, cinematographic, measuring, checking, precision, medical or surgical instruments and apparatus; parts and accessories thereof | 1,237 | 3,940 | 1,892 | 2,357 | 2% |
| '03 | Fish and crustaceans, molluscs and other aquatic invertebrates | 1,776 | 1,859 | 2,334 | 1,990 | 2% |
| '38 | Miscellaneous chemical products | 1,521 | 1,629 | 2,336 | 1,829 | 2% |
| '25 | Salt; sulphur; earths and stone; plastering materials, lime and cement | 1,693 | 1,570 | 1,534 | 1,599 | 1% |
| '15 | Animal or vegetable fats and oils and their cleavage products; prepared edible fats; animal or vegetable waxes | 1,386 | 1,173 | 1,532 | 1,364 | 1% |
| '17 | Sugars and sugar confectionery | 1,235 | 1,218 | 1,532 | 1,328 | 1% |
| '48 | Paper and paperboard; articles of paper pulp, of paper or of paperboard | 1,195 | 1,145 | 1,391 | 1,244 | 1% |
| '19 | Preparations of cereals, flour, starch or milk; pastrycooks' products | 917 | 1,161 | 1,447 | 1,175 | 1% |
| '29 | Organic chemicals | 968 | 1,037 | 1,413 | 1,139 | 1% |
| '21 | Miscellaneous edible preparations | 818 | 860 | 1,300 | 992 | 1% |
| '40 | Rubber and articles thereof | 872 | 1,037 | 1,053 | 987 | 1% |
| '04 | Dairy produce; birds' eggs; natural honey; edible products of animal origin, not elsewhere specified or included | 771 | 834 | 1,348 | 984 | 1% |
| '28 | Inorganic chemicals; organic or inorganic compounds of precious metals, of rare-earth metals, of radioactive elements or of isotopes | 760 | 801 | 1,027 | 863 | 1% |
| '33 | Essential oils and resinoids; perfumery, cosmetic or toilet preparations | 663 | 693 | 1,138 | 831 | 1% |
| '31 | Fertilisers | 776 | 843 | 866 | 828 | 1% |
| Others | 12,284 | 15,602 | 18,694 | 15,527 | 14% |
| HS Code (6 digit) | Product Description | Share in ECOWAS’s import at the HS 2 level | Average share in global imports at HS2 level | Global exports by India | India’s share in global exports | Global exports by Uttar Pradesh |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HS 84 – Machinery, mechanical appliances and equipment | ||||||
| '848180 | Appliances for pipes, boiler shells, tanks, vats or the like (excluding pressure-reducing valves, valves for the control of pneumatic power transmission, check "non-return" valves and safety or relief valves) | 3% | 2% | 806 | 2% | 14.7 |
| '843149 | Parts of machinery of heading 8426, 8429 and 8430, n.e.s. | 2% | 1% | 358 | 1% | 23.1 |
| '841510 | "Window or wall air conditioning machines, self-contained or ""split-system""" | 2% | 1% | 45 | 0% | 3.5 |
| '842952 | Self-propelled mechanical shovels, excavators and shovel loaders, with a 360° revolving superstructure | 2% | 1% | 160 | 1% | 1.9 |
| '842230 | Machinery for filling, closing, sealing or labelling bottles, cans, boxes, bags or other containers; machinery for capsuling bottles, jars, tubes and similar containers; machinery for aerating beverages | 2% | 0.4% | 106 | 1% | 2.7 |
| '847490 | Parts of machinery for working mineral substances of heading 8474, n.e.s. | 2% | 0.3% | 269 | 4% | 0.7 |
| '841989 | Machinery, plant or laboratory equipment, whether or not electrically heated, for the treatment of materials by a process involving a change of temperature such as heating, cooking, roasting, sterilising, pasteurising, steaming, evaporating, vaporising, condensing or cooling, n.e.s. (excluding machinery used for domestic purposes and furnaces, ovens and other equipment of heading 8514) | 2% | 0.4% | 185 | 2% | 3.6 |
| '846490 | Machine tools for working stones, concrete, asbestos cement or similar mineral substances or for cold-working glass (excluding sawing machines, grinding machines, polishing machines, hand-operated machines and machines for scribing or scoring semiconductor wafers) | 2% | 0.1% | 1 | 0.1% | 0.1 |
| '848790 | Parts of machinery of chapter 84, not intended for a specific purpose, n.e.s. | 1% | 0.3% | 110 | 1% | 0.4 |
| '847989 | Machines and mechanical appliances, n.e.s. | 1% | 2% | 367 | 1% | 8.7 |
| Total of top 10 commodities | 19% | 2405/td> | 59.4 | |||
| Rest of the commodities under HS code 84 | 81% | 17496 | 570.6 | |||
| HS 87 - Vehicles & Auto-components | ||||||
| '870333 | Motor cars and other motor vehicles principally designed for the transport of persons, incl. station wagons and racing cars, with compression-ignition internal combustion piston engine "diesel or semi-diesel engine" of a cylinder capacity > 2.500 cm³ | 19% | 2% | 8 | 0.03% | 0.15 |
| '871120 | Motorcycles, incl. mopeds, with reciprocating internal combustion piston engine of a cylinder capacity > 50 cm³ but <= 250 cm³ | 15% | 1% | 1797 | 17.8% | 106.7 |
| '870323 | Motor cars and other motor vehicles principally designed for the transport of persons, incl. station wagons and racing cars, with spark-ignition internal combustion reciprocating piston engine of a cylinder capacity > 1.500 cm³ but <= 3.000 cm³ | 10% | 18% | 1768 | 0.7% | 0.2 |
| '870421 | Motor vehicles for the transport of goods, with compression-ignition internal combustion piston engine "diesel or semi-diesel engine" of a gross vehicle weight > 5 t but <= 20 t | 5% | 4% | 226 | 0.4% | 0.22 |
| '870332 | Motor cars and other motor vehicles principally designed for the transport of persons, incl. station wagons and racing cars, with compression-ignition internal combustion piston engine "diesel or semi-diesel engine" of a cylinder capacity > 1.500 cm³ but <= 2.500 cm³ | 4% | 7% | 179 | 0.2% | 0.72 |
| '870600 | Chassis fitted with engines, for tractors, motor vehicles for the transport of ten or more persons, motor cars and other motor vehicles principally designed for the transport of persons, motor vehicles for the transport of goods and special purpose motor vehicles | 4% | 0.2% | 345 | 11.8% | 5.7 |
| '870120 | Road tractors for semi-trailers | 4% | 2% | 44 | 0.1% | 6.3 |
| '870321 | Motor cars and other motor vehicles principally designed for the transport of persons, incl. station wagons and racing cars, with spark-ignition internal combustion reciprocating piston engine of a cylinder capacity <= 1.000 cm³ | 4% | 3% | 1404 | 3.8% | 0.2 |
| '870423 | Motor vehicles for the transport of goods, with only compression-ignition internal combustion piston engine ""diesel or semi-diesel"", of a gross vehicle weight > 20 t | 3% | 1% | 144 | 0.9% | 0 |
| Total of top 9 commodities | 68% | 5916 | 120.19 | |||
| Rest of the commodities under HS code 87 | 32% | 10313 | 387.91 | |||
| HS 85 - Electrical & Electronics | ||||||
| '851762 | Machines for the reception, conversion and transmission or regeneration of voice, images or other data, incl. switching and routing apparatus (excluding telephone sets, telephones for cellular networks or for other wireless networks) | 11% | 6% | 568 | 0.4% | 4.7 |
| '850440 | Static converters | 5% | 2% | 995 | 1.6% | 12.7 |
| '852872 | Reception apparatus for television, colour, whether or not incorporating radio-broadcast receivers ... | 4% | 2% | 7 | 0.01% | 0.7 |
| '854140 | Photosensitive semiconductor devices, incl. photovoltaic cells whether or not assembled in modules or made up into panels; light emitting diodes (excluding photovoltaic generators) | 4% | 2% | 169 | 0.3% | 6.6 |
| '851712 | "Telephones for cellular networks ""mobile telephones"" or for other wireless networks" | 4% | 10% | 2496 | 0.9% | 1684 |
| '854449 | Electric conductors, for a voltage <= 1.000 V, insulated, not fitted with connectors, n.e.s. | 3% | 1% | 271 | 0.9% | 5.2 |
| '850211 | Generating sets with compression-ignition internal combustion piston engine ""diesel or semi-diesel engine"" of an output <= 75 kVA | 3% | 0% | 58 | 3.2% | 0.4 |
| '850213 | Generating sets with compression-ignition internal combustion piston engine ""diesel or semi-diesel engine"" of an output > 375 kVA | 3% | 0% | 91 | 2.0% | 2.3 |
| '850239 | Generating sets (excluding wind-powered and powered by spark-ignition internal combustion piston engine) | 3% | 0% | 19 | 0.9% | 0.8 |
| '853710 | Boards, cabinets and similar combinations of apparatus for electric control or the distribution of electricity, for a voltage <= 1.000 V | 3% | 2% | 413 | 0.7% | 16.2 |
| Total of top 10 commodities | 43% | 5088 | 1733.6 | |||
| Rest of the commodities under HS code 85 | 57% | 8337 | 8337 | |||
| HS 72 & 73 – Iron and Steel Articles | ||||||
| '730890 | Structures and parts of structures, of iron or steel, n.e.s. (excluding bridges and bridge-sections, towers and lattice masts, doors and windows and their frames, thresholds for doors, props and similar equipment for scaffolding, shuttering, propping or pit-propping) | 9% | 5% | 483 | 1% | 13.1 |
| '721391 | Bars and rods, hot-rolled, in irregularly wound coils, of iron or non-alloy steel, of circular cross-section measuring < 14 mm in diameter (excluding bars and rods of free-cutting steel, and bars and rods with indentations, ribs, grooves or other deformations produced during the rolling process) | 7% | 1% | 165 | 2% | 0 |
| '721420 | Bars and rods, of iron or non-alloy steel, with indentations, ribs, groves or other deformations produced during the rolling process | 4% | 2% | 130 | 1% | 0 |
| '721420 | Bars and rods, of iron or non-alloy steel, with indentations, ribs, groves or other deformations produced during the rolling process | 4% | 2% | 130 | 1% | 0 |
| '732690 | Articles of iron or steel, n.e.s. (excluding cast articles or articles of iron or steel wire) | 3% | 7% | 731 | 2% | 332 |
| '730820 | Towers and lattice masts, of iron or steel | 3% | 1% | 319 | 9% | 9.9 |
| '732611 | Grinding balls and similar articles for mills, of iron or steel, forged or stamped, but not further worked | 3% | 0.2% | 1 | 0.1% | 0.01 |
| '721070 | Flat products of iron or non-alloy steel, of a width of >= 600 mm, hot-rolled or cold-rolled ""cold-reduced"", painted, varnished or coated with plastics | 3% | 1% | 98 | 1% | 0.15 |
| '720839 | Flat-rolled products of iron or non-alloy steel, of a width of >= 600 mm, in coils, simply hot-rolled, not clad, plated or coated, of a thickness of < 3 mm, not pickled, without patterns in relief | 2% | 2% | 1442 | 11% | 0.01 |
| '721049 | Flat-rolled products of iron or non-alloy steel, of a width of >= 600 mm, hot-rolled or cold-rolled "cold-reduced", not corrugated, plated or coated with zinc (excluding electrolytically plated or coated with zinc) | 2% | 3% | 350 | 2% | 0.41 |
| Total of top 10 commodities | 40% | 3735 | 355.6 | |||
| Rest of the commodities under HS code 72 & 73 | 60% | 13,259 | 371.4 | |||
| HS 39 – Plastic and articles thereof | ||||||
| '390120 | Polyethylene with a specific gravity of >= 0,94, in primary forms | 11% | 5% | 403 | 1.4% | 44 |
| '390210 | Polypropylene, in primary forms | 11% | 4% | 697 | 2.7% | 0.1 |
| '390110 | Polyethylene with a specific gravity of < 0,94, in primary forms | 9% | 4% | 537 | 2.2% | 11.4 |
| '390760 | "Poly""ethylene terephthalate"", in primary forms" | 6% | 0.2% | 0.0 | 0.0% | 0 |
| '390410 | "Poly""vinyl chloride"", in primary forms, not mixed with any other substances" | 6% | 2% | 18 | 0.2% | 0.02 |
| '390230 | Propylene copolymers, in primary forms | 4% | 2% | 35 | 0.2% | 0.003 |
| '390720 | Polyethers, in primary forms (excluding polyacetals and goods of 3002 10) | 4% | 2% | 57 | 0.4% | 0.36 |
| '392020 | Plates, sheets, film, foil and strip, of non-cellular polymers of ethylene, not reinforced, laminated, supported or similarly combined with other materials, without backing, unworked or merely surface-worked or merely cut into squares or rectangles (excluding self-adhesive products, and floor, wall and ceiling coverings) | 3% | 2% | 286 | 2.9% | 4.4 |
| '392690 | Articles of plastics and articles of other materials | 3% | 10% | 549 | 0.8% | 20.7 |
| '392330 | Carboys, bottles, flasks and similar articles for the conveyance or packaging of goods, of plastics | 3% | 1% | 47 | 0.5% | 0.52 |
| Total of top 10 commodities | 59% | 2629 | 81.5 | |||
| Rest of the commodities under HS code 39 | 41% | 4648 | 191.1 | |||
| HS 30 -Pharmacueticals | ||||||
| '300490 | Medicaments consisting of mixed or unmixed products for therapeutic or prophylactic purposes, put up in measured doses "incl. those in the form of transdermal administration" or in forms or packings for retail sale (excluding medicaments containing antibiotics, medicaments containing hormones or steroids used as hormones, but not containing antibiotics, medicaments containing alkaloids or derivatives thereof but not containing hormones or antibiotics and medicaments containing provitamins, vitamins or derivatives thereof used as vitamins) | 57% | 49% | 12,411 | 4% | 65.2 |
| '300220 | Vaccines for human medicine | 23% | 5% | 729 | 2% | 1.7 |
| Total of top 7 commodities | 80% | 13,140 | 66.9 | |||
| Rest of the commodities under HS code 30 | 20% | 3,220 | 67.4 | |||
| HS 90 – Optical photographic, device | ||||||
| '901819 | Electro-diagnostic apparatus, incl. apparatus for functional exploratory examination or for checking physiological parameters (excluding electro-cardiographs, ultrasonic scanning apparatus, magnetic resonance imaging apparatus and scintigraphic apparatus) | 34% | 2% | 99 | 0.8% | 0.12 |
| '901890 | Instruments and appliances used in medical, surgical or veterinary sciences, n.e.s. | 8% | 10% | 266 | 0.5% | 6.6 |
| '903180 | Instruments, appliances and machines for measuring or checking, not elsewhere specified in chapter 90 (excluding optical) | 6% | 4% | 102 | 0.4% | 3.5 |
| '902830 | Electricity supply or production meters, incl. calibrating meters therefor | 5% | 1% | 66 | 1.7% | 0.4 |
| '902620 | Instruments and apparatus for measuring or checking pressure of liquids or gases (excluding regulators) | 5% | 2% | 61 | 0.7% | 0.5 |
| '901831 | Syringes, with or without needles, used in medical, surgical, dental or veterinary sciences | 3% | 1% | 35 | 0.6% | 0.3 |
| '903289 | Regulating or controlling instruments and apparatus (excluding hydraulic or pneumatic, manostats, thermostats, and taps, cocks and valves) | 2% | 4% | 212 | 0.9% | 1.9 |
| '901580 | Instruments and appliances used in geodesy, topography, hydrography, oceanography, hydrology, meteorology or geophysics (excluding compasses, rangefinders, theodolites, tachymeters ""tacheometers"", levels and photogrammetrical surveying instruments and appliances) | 2% | 1% | 87 | 1.9% | 0.3 |
| '902610 | Instruments and apparatus for measuring or checking the flow or level of liquids (excluding meters and regulators) | 2% | 1% | 85 | 1.5% | 2.4 |
| Total of top 9 commodities | 67% | 1014 | 16.02 | |||
| Rest of the commodities under HS code 90 | 33% | 2222 | 112.18 | |||
| HS 38 – Miscellaneous Chemicals | ||||||
| '380893 | Herbicides, anti-sprouting products and plant-growth regulators, put up in forms or packings for retail sale or as preparations or articles | 32% | 6% | 1091 | 9% | 20 |
| '380891 | Insecticides, put up in forms or packings for retail sale or as preparations or articles | 17% | 4% | 1227 | 13% | 0.92 |
| '382200 | Diagnostic or laboratory reagents on a backing, prepared diagnostic or laboratory reagents whether or not on a backing, and certified reference materials (excluding compound diagnostic reagents designed to be administered to the patient, blood-grouping reagents, animal blood prepared for therapeutic, prophylactic or diagnostic uses and vaccines, toxins, cultures of micro-organisms and similar products) | 9% | 15% | 65 | 0.2% | 0.6 |
| '381121 | Prepared additives for oil lubricants containing petroleum oil or bituminous mineral oil | 6% | 4% | 79 | 1% | 0 |
| '381700 | Mixed alkylbenzenes and mixed alkylnaphthalenes produced by the alkylation of benzene and naphthalene (excluding mixed isomers of cyclic hydrocarbons) | 5% | 1% | 1 | 0.04% | 0 |
| Total of top 5 commodities | 69% | 2464 | 21.52 | |||
| Rest of the commodities under HS code 38 | 2355 | 31% | 57.18 | |||
| HS 10 - Cereals | ||||||
| '100630 | Semi-milled or wholly milled rice, whether or not polished or glazed | 32% | 16% | 6,981 | 34% | 350 |
| '100640 | Broken rice | 22% | 2% | 287 | 10% | 9.2 |
| '100119 | Durum wheat (excluding seed for sowing) | 22% | 8% | 0.4 | 0.01% | 0.01 |
| Total of top 3 commodities | 76% | 7268 | 359.2 | |||
| Rest of the commodities under HS code 10 | 24% | 557 | 38.3 | |||
| HS 48 – Paper and Paperboard | ||||||
| '480257 | Uncoated paper and paperboard, of a kind used for writing, printing or other graphic purposes, and non-perforated punchcards and punch-tape paper, in square or rectangular sheets with one side > 435 mm or with one side <= 435 mm and the other side > 297 mm in the unfolded state, not containing fibres obtained by a mechanical or chemi-mechanical process or of which <= 10% by weight of the total fibre content consists of such fibres, and weighing 40 g to 150 g/m², n.e.s | 16% | 2% | 85 | 3.0% | 2 |
| '481930 | Sacks and bags, of paper, paperboard, cellulose wadding or webs of cellulose fibres, having a base of a width of >= 40 cm | 6% | 1% | 3 | 0.3% | 0.04 |
| '481910 | Cartons, boxes and cases, of corrugated paper or paperboard | 5% | 5% | 38 | 0.4% | 1.32 |
| '480255 | Uncoated paper and paperboard, of a kind used for writing, printing or other graphic purposes, and non-perforated punchcards and punch-tape paper, in rolls of any size, not containing fibres obtained by a mechanical or chemi-mechanical process or of which <= 10% by weight of the total fibre content consists of such fibres, and weighing 40 g to 150 g/m², n.e.s. | 5% | 3% | 107 | 2.4% | 2 |
| '480411 | Unbleached kraftliner, uncoated, in rolls of a width > 36 cm | 4% | 3% | 14 | 0.3% | 0.7 |
| '481159 | Paper and paperboard, surface-coloured, surface-decorated or printed, coated, impregnated or covered with artificial resins or plastics, in rolls or in square or rectangular sheets, of any size (excluding bleached and weighing > 150 g/m², and adhesives) | 4% | 4% | 66 | 1.1% | 0.32 |
| '480258 | Uncoated paper and paperboard, of a kind used for writing, printing or other graphic purposes, and non-perforated punchcards and punch-tape paper, in rolls or in square or rectangular sheets, of any size, not containing fibres obtained by a mechanical or chemi-mechanical process or of which <= 10% by weight of the total fibre content consists of such fibres, weighing > 150 g/m², n.e.s. | 4% | 1% | 2 | 0.3% | 0.4 |
| '480421 | Unbleached sack kraft paper, uncoated, in rolls of a width > 36 cm | 3% | 1% | 0 | 0.01% | 0.02 |
| '481920 | Folding cartons, boxes and cases, of non-corrugated paper or paperboard | 3% | 5% | 69 | 0.8% | 1.34 |
| '480256 | Uncoated paper and paperboard, of a kind used for writing, printing or other graphic purposes, and non-perforated punchcards and punch-tape paper, in square or rectangular sheets with one side <= 435 mm and the other side <= 297 mm in the unfolded state, not containing fibres obtained by a mechanical or chemi-mechanical process or of which <= 10% by weight of the total fibre content consists of such fibres, and weighing 40 g to 150 g/m², n.e.s. | 3% | 3% | 52 | 0.9% | 2.8 |
| Total of top 10 commodities | 54% | 436 | 10.94 | |||
| Rest of the commodities under HS code 48 | 46% | 1444 | 100.66 | |||
